Romania
Romania in Europe
☑️ This element is an expansion of the content of Lawi's courses, guides, tools and other solutions. It offers facts, commentary, and analysis on this European topic. Do you like what you read? Like and share it with your family and friends so that others can discover it too. If you have been forwarded this element, please subscribe here.
Outline of the Country´s Legal System
According to the work "Guide to Foreign and International Citations", by the Journal of International Law and Politics (New York University School of Law): "The Romanian Constitution, adopted in 1991 and most recently amended in 2003, established its form of government. Executive power is vested in the President, who is the head of state. The President is elected directly by the people to a four-year term, and may not serve more than two consecutive terms. The Prime Minister, who is the head of Government, is appointed by the President. Members of the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral Parliament (Parlamentul României), which is comprised of the Senate (Senatul) and the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor). Both the 137 Members of the Senate and the 332 Members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by the people on the basis of proportional representation to four-year terms. Its legal system is based on the civil law tradition. The judicial power consists of the High Court of Cassation (Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie, formerly known as the Supreme Court), Courts of Appeal, Tribunals, and Lower Courts or Courts of First Instance. The courts are further divided by their areas of specialty. The High Court of Cassation exercises supreme judicial power and is in charge of unifying jurisprudence. Judges of the High Court of Cassation are appointed by the Prime Minister based on recommendations by the Superior Council of Magistrates. The Constitutional Court is the guarantor of the supremacy of the Constitution. It is comprised of nine judges appointed to a nonrenewable, nine-year term. The Constitutional Court is in charge with a priori and a posteriori constitutional review of legislation, treaties, bylaws adopted by the Parliament, and governmental ordinances. The Constitutional Court also supervises presidential elections, determines the procedures of referenda, and has jurisdiction over disputes between political parties." Online Resources:
Government: guv.ro
Foreign Office: mae.ro
Ministry of Justice: just.ro
Presidency: presidency.ro
Parliament: parlament.ro
Constitutional Court: ccr.ro
High Court of Cassation: scj.ro
The Official Gazette: monitoruloficial.ro
Description of Romania
The Concise Publication of the European Union describes romania in the following terms: [1] Recognised as an independent kingdom since the late 19th century, Romaniaunderwent significant territorial changes in 1918 and again in 1940. It collaborated with Germany in World War II until it was overrun by the Soviet army in 1944. The forced abdication of King Michael in 1947 presaged over 40 years of communist oppression, the last 24 under the dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, whose professed opposition to interference from Moscow provided some cover for a reign of terror and cultural destruction. After Ceausescu's summary execution in 1989 President Iliescu conducted affairs on neo-communist principles, with hyperinflation and minimal reform. The election of President Emil Constantinescu in 1996 gave Romania its first glimpse of genuine liberalisation, but the country is starting from an impoverished base and its application to join the EU was not recommended by the Commission. Its application for membership of NATO was also rebuffed.
Among the obstacles to Romania's early membership of the EU are the prevalence of political corruption and authoritarianism, the fragility of its democracy and its lack of progress in modernising a backward economy that is still too state-dominated and too dependent on agriculture. Discriminationagainst the Roma (gypsy) minority was another factor criticised by theCommission. Thus although Romania enjoys the support of France, it is unlikely to be admitted to the Community for at least a dozen years, if not more.
Resources
Notas y References
Based on the book "A Concise Publication of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)
Professional Content and Learning Tools
☑️ Lawi offers educational solutions and professional insight, integrating content, tools, and practical technology to promote lifelong learning, personal and professional improvement, and human progress through knowledge. Our collections feature resources and solutions from a wide range of subject areas, from management and finance to law and cybersecurity. This text is only a brief introduction. If you would like us to expand on this content, please let us know in the comments. If you’re finding our platform and publications valuable, share it with a colleague or friend, leave a comment and consider subscribing if you haven’t already (thanks!). There are group discounts, gift options, and referral bonuses available.